What is globalization?
Renato Giroux is the first head of the World Trade Organization, the global reality that will stick in your palate.
Despite
numerous Antsharktab about globalization, we are still in the
conceptual analysis inaccurate, empirically weak, in terms of historical
and cultural Svadanh, the politically naive and unaware indicated.
Ted
Turner Srshnasgfth the face of "globalization goes quickly but the
ability to understand and respond to the motion is a turtle.
Five broad definition of "globalization" is very suggestive.
1 - A sense of the meaning of globalization is internationalization. Cross-border
relations between countries of the world to describe and characterize
the development of international exchange and interdependence.
"Widespread
and growing flows of trade and investment among countries Disables" The
increasing globalization movement and displacement of people, messages
and ideas among countries.
2 - Globalization, liberalization is intended to mean.
3 - Globalization means the World Wide Web is considered. Refers to the process of publishing experience and a variety of peoples.
4
- The American West and to know the meaning of this view, globalization
is a dynamic social structures through which modernism's spread across
the world. And autonomous culture and will destroy earliest.
5
- The deterritorialization means such as the renewal of the
geographical configuration of social space more fully in terms of land,
territorial distances and territorial borders are not recognized.
There are different views about globalization
Some
believe that globalization is nothing more than a temporary period of
human history is short and there is no need to revise their
understanding of international politics
Western capitalism and globalization in the name of modernization else know.
Some also believe that world politics is fundamentally changing Bangr process and requires a new understanding of it.
Evaluating about globalization are divided into three categories.
1 - "Universalists" claim is completely contemporary social world. Examples of "non-national companies' e-commerce -
consider making
3
- "intermediate" major trend of globalization consider it along with
other developments, there is a great gap between completion. The transformation and globalization of the contemporary world and its dimensions are carefully measured and evaluated. Measuring globalization emphasizes the perspective of the group often unevenly spread.
Four of globalization and social change
1
- Production of Globalization Globalization has changed the nature of
economic activity largely by technological developments In March and
transportation, communications and data processing are related. The advances in production and changes in how they are produced.
2 - Governance: Some experts believe globalization is preventing the authority and autonomy of states. Developing
relationships with other world "weakening the national government" and
"the decline of the nation-state" and the government retreated know. Several
feet beyond the "crisis of the nation-state" and endangered the
national government "have declared. Increasingly powerful government and
semi-government organizations and the public will be given a sub-state.
Simultaneously, the kind of" new multilateralism "It is apparent that:
B: international organizations that are independent from governments to become global governance institutions.
B: global companies and international agencies and civil society in the process of organizing and monitoring are effective.
will become. As
a result, the diversity and the globalization of post-national approach
is based on a single global culture of consumerism, mass media, Gray
and American English. It is considered that the ideas of globalization and cultural diversity will increase.
4
- Modernity and Psanvgrayy: Some believe that globalization has led to
the development of modernism "high-level international relations in a
way that is progressive and Extremist develop and expand the footprint
of new structures, such as rationalism, bureaucracy, capitalism and
industrialism is. These Some
of the theorists themselves "postmodern" to know post-modern globalized
world characterized by information-oriented media, Frahqyqy, virtual
simulation and social experiences in which people define their sense of
identity and their awareness of sustainability lose.
Consequences of globalization on democracy:
elimination rule, the principles of democracy creates opportunities for expansion.
As
the emergence of "postmodern states" it is imperative that they use and
the opposition being prophets of doom "chaotic events" caused "global
chaos" to predict the pessimistic view of globalization intolerance and violence in the form of extreme nationalism, racism, religious fundamentalism, terrorism appears. Increased
globalization of the Civil War, particularly in eastern and southern
states will weaken.'s Second important aspect of the world, the
integration of environmental security. Those who have a positive
attitude toward the subject of international conferences - Support
Groups Global Environment to
maintain awareness of the contemporary world, such as digital computer
technology could be significantly improved environmental management. After
an extensive literature on globalization is claimed security and
economic security are its supporters on developments emphasize the
efficiency and economic growth. It is said to increase global trade distribution of consumer satisfaction is the most popular low price. Create
jobs, reduce work pressure due to technological advances, the pace and
scale of humanitarian aid is greater than the last.
Globalization of others will lead to environmental disaster. The
sample consists of uncontrolled exploitation and erosion of natural
resources, excessive growth of the world's population, nuclear
destruction, acid rain, destruction of the ozone layer, climate change,
endangered species, AIDS, and ...
Justice:
Do
people have the same opportunities to participate in global issues or
condones the repression of the population of the world is. Do people Btv fair share of costs? Most
of the negative comments about social justice aspects of this
phenomenon that often emphasizes the continuity and deepening of the
social hierarchy. Some argue that globalization will increase the elite's privileges. Income gap has increased in most countries. Many
women's rights, gender injustice with regard to globalization.
Injustice in the rural population of the other negative aspects of
globalization
Rural areas than in urban areas are benefited from globalization. Because of the continued trend of globalization, urban development is the effort. The
"world food culture of" strengthening the industrial and financial
capital in rural areas and large living and livelihood and food security
in the sub damage is landlords.
The history of "globalization."
The
word "globe" world in English a few hundred years ago when it became
clear that the earth is spherical and the "round earth" was coined. In
common language, global international character "of the 1890s to refer
to the" whole world "is used. Terms of" globalization "in a paper that
was published 50 years after applied. (Rayzr and Davis, 1944, p 212 and 219), the term globalization first appeared in 1961 in an American dictionary (Webster, 1961, p 965)
Implications of globalization:
1 - Drrayj the use of the term globalization in everyday language, it is equivalent to have Tsvrkrdh internationalization. This
view of globalization "and Abstgy an increase engagement and
interaction between people of different countries of the world."
2
- apply the neoliberal "globalization and liberalization is considered
to mean" from this viewpoint, our globalizing world without barriers for
controlling the transfer of resources across countries. "
3 - Globalization refers to the "World Wide Web"
4 - Western sense of the post-colonial imperialism comes about. In most of these cases, globalization is linked to the process of homogenization.
5 - globalization as "deterritorialization" is considered. Globalization in the application indicates a wide variation in the nature of social space.
Dimension of Globalization
In terms of communication:
Tzyq global expansion of computer networks, telecommunications, and mass media, as it has been realized.
In terms of organization
The
process of globalization through the development and growth of
enterprises, institutions and regulatory bodies that act as
transnational networks has proceeded.
Of Ecology:
By
phenomena such as globalization, climate change, ozone layer thinning,
and reduction occurs at the surface represents environmental diversity.
None of these environmental changes can not be confined to a particular country.
Production of:
Garkhanh
of "globalization" in sectors such as automobile and motorcycle
manufacturing in the field of microelectronics have been developed in
various stages of production within a national economy is not limited to
hold the number of countries, and the production of a single be
included global.
In the military:
:
We have seen the emergence of a global arms intercontinental ballistic
missiles, spy satellites in the whole world has turned into a single
strategic areas.
Thinking in everyday life:
In the early 21st century as much as those who live in the same place as previous generations did not know that.
Causes of Globalization
1 - The development of rationalism as the predominant
The
general configuration of the global spread of rationalism thinking
through the process of globalization has expanded the knowledge of the
four main characteristics are distinct.
A: That is true secular aspects of the physical world defines it in terms of the need
B: The human dimension is oriented mainly to the fact that in terms of human interests and activities
(C)
the characteristics of a "scientist" is the indisputable fact that the
phenomenon can be detected by careful application of research methods to
objectively understand Vslyh
D rationalism is an aspect that is considered the most valuable insight that allows people to solve immediate problems.
2 - number of turns in the evolution of capitalism
3 - Technological innovation in communications and data processing
4 - form a strong regulatory framework
Most of these laws are derived from the state summary of laws and regulations to strengthen the 4-way globalization.
1 - Standardization of procedures and technical
2 - free cross-border movement of cash, investments, goods and services
3 - to guarantee property rights for international capital
4 - The law of international organizations and activities
Globalization of production:
Capitalism has helped to strengthen further.
The concept of global politics:
Patterns
in the world of politics and policy, not just in the countries of the
relationships between organizations that may or may not be a country
(such as multinational corporations, terrorist groups, NGOs, human
rights)
Normative
views of academicians with the scientific study of international
politics and political problems of the world can find reasons to
politicians to help solve these problems. This is called a normative perspective.
Marxist theory (structuralism or world system theory):
1 - The main feature of world politics is happening in the global capitalist economy
2 - The main categories of actors are not states and other actors' behavior is described by a class of agents
3
- governments, multinational corporations and international
organizations representing the interests of the dominant classes in the
world economy
4 - The global economy severely limit the government's freedom of action.
5 - a global politics of class conflict in which it occurs
6 - The most important feature of the international economy in the world into the center, semi-periphery and periphery is
7 - The most important feature of world politics Miran economic independence.
8
- Authority to the extent that it is not important because it is
important for the realist concept of the political and legal
implications.
9 - Marxists believe that globalization is no illusion It is the final stage in the development of international capitalism.
10 - The globalization of the world rather than being similar to the difference between the center and the periphery more. * The process of globalization has increased communication between communities. A
world in which events in political, economic, social and cultural
impact of these events is increasingly linked to each other more.
Globalization eight characteristics:
1 - Globalization is a common feature of modernization. This change alters the nature of the industry in order to enhance accountability and reduce its control over the results. The old model of international relations based on power politics would be abolished.
2 - between globalization and the influence of writers such as Rostow argued that there are many similarities.
3 - liberal paradigm, written literature has an important place.
4
- very much like the picture of the world that globalization offers the
features that McLuhan's "global village" is drawn there.
5 - an overlap between some of the major themes and issues of globalization and the works of writers such as John Burton there. John Burton has established a global policy reform cobweb model. This
means that the main patterns of global politics, commerce,
communication, language, ideology, and so created that the traditional
focus on political relations between states are.
6 - in the 60 - 70-80 dramatic works of the authors of the project "World Order Models Project" was released relevant. They were focused on the global issue that is now the main focus of most studies are done with globalization. Views of members of the World Order Models Project unit of analysis is the individual level of analysis is universal. This model is more focused on the most vulnerable people in the world and the environment.
7 - The idea of some of the concepts of globalization and the international community believe that there are similarities.
8 - Globalization many commonalities with the arguments of Fukuyama's end of history.
With five of the world economy can be concluded:
1 - Globalization refers to a banner day for the last stage of capitalism (Thompson and Hyrst)
2 - Transnational corporations are actually pretty rare, most of them are national companies that operate internationally
3 - no change in the capital and financial flows to developing countries can not be seen.
4
- In a global economy, international trade, investment and finance, not
three blocks in Europe, North America and Japan are concentrated
5
- The current international economic and unique, not only on the
economy of some aspects of the 1870 and 1914 international economy is
less open
Opponents of globalization point of view
1 - This is a reference to the last stage of capitalism is the motto sting
2
- The impact of globalization is not balanced, and it seems that it is a
Western concept and is applicable only to a small part of humanity.
3 - Globalization may be the final stage of Western capitalism
4 - With the globalization of losers in this process are
5 - All the forces of globalization are not necessarily good
6 - All of what is called the universal rule is that the transnational social movements who are responsible and accountable
7 - At the heart of globalization, there is an oxymoron.deny justified.
Replies to the objections of critics of globalization:
1 - First, globalization has not achieved the same in different parts of the world. Reducing distances and geographical boundaries of North America, the Pacific Rim and ... Higher than in Africa and Central Asia. In
addition to the general globalization of urban residents, professionals
and young people affected is much higher than the other.
2 - Globalization is a process of cultural assimilation
3 - Globalization and territorial jurisdiction of the policies of the world has not.
4 - Globalization can not be understood in terms of a single driving force. It can not be a conspiracy Ahmytanra to bring down American or Western.
5 - Globalization is not a panacea. Liberalists the emergence of a world body "border" as Dawn equality, prosperity, peace and freedom worldwide have embraced.
Sovereignty in the age of globalization:
1 - Westphalian system, largely thanks to the advance of globalization is history.
2 - What are the legal and regulatory regimes in terms of practical sovereignty can no longer meet the criteria.
3
- In the context of globalization and social characteristics are
Frasrzmyny borders by electronic mass flow loses its previous importance
Transmission of computer data, precipitation fallout and phone calls can not be stopped at the border checkpoints deployed.
sovereignty legitimizes.
Chapter 12 (Global and international security during the Cold War)
Security concept:
Typically something most writers have different opinions about it.
we
need the military aspects of security, including political, economic,
social and environmental, and the wider international context is
defined.
This approach requires attention to the interests of the neighboring countries as well.
Some dual processes of integration and disintegration which
characterize today's world means that countries should pay more
attention to the issue of social security.national of the country, the security analysis must be the center of attention.
Some experts believe that the global community in the 1990s because the
fetus is not high emphasis on national and international security. Therefore, only the formation of the international community to deal with this threat can be effectively addressed.
The traditional approach to the issue of national security:
is supported and there is no way in the world based on self-help.
-
Traditional look to the international community as if a fairly brutal
fight scene that followed a security threat to its security at the
expense of their neighbors. Relations between countries are seen as a struggle to obtain power.
Neorealist main hypotheses are:
1 - The international system is anarchic
2 - to defend his country and the expansion of offensive military capabilities will provide power
3 - suspicion and distrust among the nature of the international system is
4 - governments are seeking to maintain their independence and sovereignty and survival has become their main motives
5 - While governments act rationally, but there is a possibility of error in the calculations.
The
authors Nyvryalstty like Myrshay, not a permanent feature of
international politics of the war, however, may lead to ongoing security
competition will be like rain that war may be permanent.
Therefore,
to achieve real and lasting peace or a world in which governments do
not compete with each other for power is very limited.
- Between countries are difficult
-
From the perspective of neo-realist writers after the war was possible
to create a dramatic change in the nature of the international system is
small Persian Gulf War, the experience of violence in the former
Yugoslavia, the former Soviet Nshah parts of the world that we live in a
Its main feature is the lack of trust in the security field continues Rqabyt. Cooperation between the countries will be difficult to achieve and maintain, but it would be more difficult. Political causes two factors contribute to the problem.
Countries are worried about gaining a sense cheating on each other to be together. Such a situation could provide an opportunity for the fraudulent manner in which the victim has suffered a decisive defeat.
- 2 - the concern about the "achievements" relative
to
the international environment full of competition, distrust, and to
maximize instability., so it will be more difficult to reach and
maintain coordination difficult.
Security dilemma:
insecurities
of others to be defensive, as each of these actors, their actions and
the actions of others potentially intimidating closed.
Origins of the security dilemma, uncertainty and fear.
Realist subject:
logical and inevitable consequence of the structural realist's fundamental assumptions.would prefer to compete in these conditions it is possible to achieve security.
Conditioned by three reasons realist believes "structural realism" is incomplete:
1 - They race "axis" of the fundamental theory of structural realism reject. The
realists international relations if only because it features
"self-help" is not necessarily conclude that countries are condemned to
perpetual war competition will
2 - Common structural realism, because the emphasis is on the relative gain is flawed and unacceptable. Ryalythay condition because the work that they are aware of the dangers that the country is seeking advantage
3 - realists believe that the third condition is too much fraud because fraud creates risks as well as the arms race
Sum of three reasons: 1 - the "competition - oriented" as opposed to the theory
2 - Motivation countries is only relative gains
3 - that the emphasis on the concept of fraud is overstated
Reasonable Chaos:
This view can be bound through security cooperation (if not destroy) improve. Barry
Buzan believes the gradual emergence of the feature 1980 and 1990 (the
anarchic sense) that those countries continue to compete aggressively in
the global nuclear dangers were understood.
- Old and new neighbors into enemies.
- Conflict can be solved peacefully through political and diplomatic means.
Liberal institutions:
International imposed.
.can
also be provided by organizations like the African nations of ASEAN in
Southeast Asia / view among academic writers in the 1980s and early
1990s was Nyzrayj they believe a pattern of institutionalized
cooperation instituationalized co-operation)).
According
to Cohen and Maarten institutions can provide information to bring down
transaction costs, credit commitments, they are the focus areas for the
overall coordination and interaction to facilitate the. Proponents
of this view of the importance of economic policy in Europe, overcoming
traditional hostility between European countries are mentioned.
They can play a role in achieving a higher level of cooperation between the countries have.
Democratic
Peace Theory: This theory was developed in 1980 was based on Kantian
logic consists of three primary components democratic elections - a
commitment to human rights and the interdependence of different
countries together.
Democratic peace theory is largely written by Michael Doyle and Bruce Wright is seen.
War - axis (war-porn) are.
There is essentially one another or the use of force. Doyle believes that one of the fruits of democracy is that it conflicts before they lead to violent conflict is resolved.
Collective security
1
- resort to military force to change the status quo and instead agreed
to condemn the methods of peaceful settlement of disputes is
2 - They have their own national interests more broadly. Interests of the international community so that it can be considered.
3 - The government must overcome the fear and distrust each other and trust each other.
Priority treatment is chaos.
Collective security as a way to create more effective strategies to deal with aggressive look. Inhibition of collective security is codified
Institutions of collective security role in a world full of friends and colleagues who have contributed to the trust to arise.
Institutionalizing
the system of harmony and agreement between countries is deepening
security promise not to as the "self" path to follow.
Different views on international and global security:
Social Constructivism Theory:
According to this view, the fundamental structures of international relations are social rather than physical.
- Their principal reference Governments recognize that the study of international politics and international security. International politics is based on chaos
-
Countries have offensive capabilities and intentions of others can not
certainly achieve the main goal is survival of states and countries are
trying to have a rational function
- That benefit is formed by the structure of the international system
The difference in orientation with realistic
realists believe the only material capable of dividing forms.
Constructivism that is the product of social relations. Product of such common knowledge that social structures and material resources Mlkrdhast
Social
Constructivism emphasizes the notion of common knowledge is important
in the social structures of the material (such as banks and financial
resources)
Constructivism
is the idea of power politics that affect the behavior of
governments, but can not explain all behaviors in the international
arena.
Safety critical theory and feminist approaches:
such
as safety critical and feminist theorists have emphasized the
importance given to the role of government and the security context are
defined differently.
The school safety critical theorists, governments should be the center of our analysis. Thus,
not only because of their personality differences, but most are part of
the problem of security in the international system of states could be
providing security. But they are the source of the threat. Therefore, we focus instead on the wisdom of governments to
Booth, Wayne Jones of reference that relying on the best way to ensure security through human Zdsazy. Emphasizing
the goal of freeing up the ground for the development of doctrine,
policy, hoping for a "politics of resistance" provided. Feminist
writers of the traditional emphasis on the role of states in
international security studies are challenging, but not much difference
between feminist theories of postmodernism and critical theory
Frasakhtargra there.
The perspective of postmodernism:
Many
of the post-modern view of the goal of replacing "social dialogue"
instead of a new discourse on peace and harmony discourse emphasizes
realism.assumed a will.
The main difference between realism and postmodernism
1
- Realism world fixed, definite, intelligible and understandable knows
Postmodernist believe about the world around us, there are numerous
various interpretations. No continuity, meaning as definite, fixed field, or learn the secrets of seal does not break. They are just perceptions or interpretations of
2
- Postmodernist emphasis on knowledge as the basis for abstract
(mental) causes important to them in terms of normative values.
3
- The Postmodern, the static and silent realist ideology is not only
men but also with a global policy is outdated and dangerous discourse is
becoming a major obstacle to the formation of hegemonic discourse is
peaceful.
4 - post modern "certainty" is realism
6 - postmodern social dialogue should agree not only to be replaced by realism. Rather, the goal is achievable.
Chapter 13 (International Political Economy in the Age of Globalization)
World economy after World War II:
Policymakers gathered at Bretton Woods in 1944 to examine how to solve two serious problems
1
- Great Record 1930 sure was not replicated in other words, a way to
achieve a stable international monetary system and global free trade
system found
2 - economy to rebuild war-torn Europe
. 2
- International Bank for Reconstruction Development (World Bank) to
facilitate private investment and restructuring in Europe and contribute
to development of only three other countries - favor a tariff limited
experience (GATT) was signed in 1947 and the negotiations on trade liberalization become.
Traditional approaches to political economy:
The highest gains for investments to be followed.
With the help of freely convertible currencies of economies and free markets can do better. World
prices of all these factors creates an effective and uniform
distribution as the invisible hand ensures that goods and services in
the global economy. In order to face the global economy is minimal.
St. Mrkantysty
Your words are like a forest international system in which each state is doing whatever it takes to survive. The purpose of any government is to increase the wealth and independence. Some states explicitly in the system more ability to deal with others. The most powerful states to define the limits of the law and pay. The
economic policies of the governments of each of the function's efforts
to maintain its sovereignty within and outside the country.
Marxist tradition:
Capitalist means of production in the hands of those who are oppressed working class. The conflict between them is due to the fact that the capitalists are trying to increase their profits. Anatomy
in international relations and class relations in order to explain the
relationship between center and periphery is unequal exchange between
them.
Rational choice approach or modern utilitarianism:
The U.S. is the dominant approach to the study of international political economy. This approach uses economic concepts to explain the policy.can have strategic choices. This approach is well suited to describe rational terms.
"Rational choice" or a tendency to gain new ideas?
In this approach, economic concepts are used to explain the policy. Instead
of rational choice explaining concepts, personalities, historical
tradition or ideology behind the policies and institutions that are
focused on the structure of incentives facing decision makers.At that time, this was the most appropriate option.
Nyvgramshy approach, radical reading:
The benefit here is that, in the opinion of all the actions and behavior of the world economy, culture and knowledge emerge. This
is the question that is raised is that the interests and beliefs of the
rules and norms of whom are included in this system. Gramsci's
answer to "who benefits" is the hegemonic power through coercion and
consent of the other actors in the system achieves its goals. This
means that the dominant power in the promotion of institutions,
ideologies and ideas that will encourage other players are very
effective.
The globalization of the world economy, reducing the role of government?
control of economic interaction. The flow rate, the trade, investment, governments have tightened create a.
Chapter 14 of the international regime
Liberal
institutionalists and realists regime's role in the international
system, despite the fact that the structure of the international system
is anarchic, but no law (Anvmyk) is not.
Realists and liberal institutionalists look different from the regime:
-
Liberal institutionalists believe that the regime will allow the
government to overcome the obstacles in the way of cooperation. Structural barriers it has created chaos peaceful international system
Liberal institutionalists and realists are common assumptions about regimen:
1 - states in an anarchic international system, to successfully
2 - states are acting in a reasonable and simple
3 - states are responsible for the formation regimes
4 - regime based on international cooperation in the form
5 - to strengthen the international regulatory regime
Liberal institutionalists and realists regimes on different perspectives:
Liberal institutionalists:
regimes enable states to work
regimes reinforce the public interest
hegemonic regimes when it began to develop a kind and gentle strengthening and support them
regimes of globalization and liberal world order are
Realists:
Coordination possible regimes for the country (annoying)? Will
different regimes of interest for the country to create
power is the main feature of regime formation and
nature of the rules and norms of international regulatory regimes depends
Defined
regimes: the regime of the high definition, but they all have the same
definition in 1980 by "Stephen Krasyz" is presented widely. Set
of rules, principles, norms, rules and decision-making processes are
based on the implicit and explicit expectations of actors in a given
area of international relations, and the convergence becomes closer. From this definition it is clear that diet is more than just laws and a high level of institutionalization as a default occurs.
Sbqh classification regime:
Regime classification is based on two dimensions:
1
- vertical dimension: expressing formal or informal agreements diet is a
diet could be related to the emergence of an international
organization.
2
- horizontal dimension: a regime in the absence of any formal
agreement, there is an informal agreement between countries on the basis
of historical precedent is created.
Another classification of regimes:
- Diet tacit: even the official Nbvdqvad expect there to observe informal rules
- Discredited regime: formal rules, but there is no expectation of observing them
- Full-scale regimes: the high expectations created by law enforcement officials.
Based on geographical divisions: 1 - Bilateral 2 - Region 3 - World
A regimen of four main components:
1 - Principles: a coherent set of theoretical statements, and statements about how the world functions. GATT was based on liberal principles upon which global prosperity through free trade increases
2 - norms: norms of behavior and specifies the rights and obligations of governments to identify
4 - The process of making sense guidelines for behavior
Many theories about the formation regimes:
Liberal institutionalist approach:
The starting assumption is that the problems of chaotic regime should the international system has to overcome. They are trying to figure out why it is working to prevent chaos and to find ways to overcome barriers.
Barriers to regime formation:
Liberal
institutionalists for understanding why the structure of the
international system prevents violent chaotic regime is the formation of
microeconomics and game theory could help.
Although
liberal institutionalists and realists believe that diet is the most
important characteristic of the international system, but they both come
to different results.
The
liberal institutionalists: Necessity is the regime for properties in
the violent anarchy of the international system, there are strategies
that will neutralize competitive strategies based on cooperation. Their purpose is to prevent competitive strategies in other cases the rational response of structural system is chaotic manner.
Realists:
the emergence of regimes that are subject to a condition in which there
is a mutual desire for cooperation but also creates chaos
synchronization problem.
Islam, unlike the realist assumption that there is no incentive to coordinate a time to come aside.
There is no doubt that the "primary role" to play your diet can cause other states are expected to follow this diet.
- Difference of opinion about the regime's economic realists openly reveals the role of power in the regime. The
rich and powerful governments that have shaped economic regimes and
third world countries have no choice except to accept it.
What is diplomacy? (Chapter 15)
One of the most obscure and difficult diplomatic terms that have different meanings depending on its application. Diplomacy of the landscape is divided into two categories.
1 - Macro: that tries to make sense of world politics as a whole to understand.
2 - micro perspective: the world of politics, which tries to explain the different but complementary angle. This approach focuses on states and countries that have worked to his advantage in world politics.
In
the longer perspective of international players such as the
government's policy is to understand the behavior of the actors in the
global system to obtain a clear view. From the perspective of international diplomacy can be seen as a process rather than as a political tool. May
be used directly in contact with other parties (as diplomacy) or as a
vehicle for the use or threat of use of other tools can be used (policy
mix)
Characteristics of traditional diplomacy:
1
- Structure: the relationship among state political leaders realized it
was developed together on a regular and consistent basis to talk and
negotiate.respectively).
2
- Process: the traditional system of bilateral diplomacy based
organization that was confidential and trade secret diplomacy between
the government and do not necessarily permanent ambassador was
considered normal. The only means to reach a common agreement on the settlement of disputes was considered. Traditional
diplomacy diplomatic process on the system of rules and regulations
have been adopted for the conduct of diplomacy from the 15th century
onwards, regular and regularity is not only constant, but the process
became. Procedural
rules called "diplomatic protocol" was developed, called the set of
rights, privileges and exemptions for diplomats and diplomatic
activities were held. These
rights and privileges were derived from two principles: (a) the action
is based on considerations that diplomats can do their mission without
fear or hindrance. B: Representative Ambassador King is governed by the diplomatic personnel residing deploy state laws are just function.
New diplomacy:
1 - It was urged that public diplomacy should be subject to monitoring and evaluation
2
- To create an international organization Mrbvr new diplomatic
representative of the universal hope for a fresh start in the period
after 1918.
The structure of the new diplomacy:
But there are two changes.
1 - states that they had no other major players in the international arena with other players to divide
2 - Self-administration of a wide range of activities in which its citizens were trying to adjust to life began to change.
Process of the new diplomacy
The
interests of the growing number of state and non-state actors on the
changing nature of diplomacy as a new process for the negotiation. Most importantly, the policy has become more complex activity involving more actors and it was very different..
Agenda: The agenda includes a number of new policy and the new emphasis on military security was intense.
Cold War diplomacy:
With all the tools to be a hot war of the Cold War to undermine the other party describing the system was coping. Absolute
necessity of avoiding involvement in global nuclear confrontation
between East and West was at the center of diplomatic activity.
Most of the Cold War policy of nuclear diplomacy, crisis diplomacy and summit diplomacy was.
by military forces would provide a model for the future. But
the collapse of the established order in the Balkan diplomacy fails to
resolve the problem and showed optimism for the end of the Cold War has a
complex nature.
At the beginning of 21st century diplomacy in international politics can be described in two ways
1 - Scope of international diplomacy.
2 - Characterization of contemporary diplomacy can be complex and discontinuous inextricably said.
Formulation and implementation of foreign policy:
Governments must understand the role of diplomacy in foreign policy, there are two stages in this process.
2 - policy: the State Department's decision to operate can be diplomacy is one of the means by which decisions are implemented. Foreign policy bureaucracies second fiddle plays an essentially non-political.
Five main task of diplomacy, including:
1 - Data collection
2 - Political Advice
3 - Representation
4 - Negotiation
5 - Consular Services
The first two are essential for the formulation of foreign policy.
Diplomatic relations with other policy tools
- Pure Diplomacy
- Shuffle Diplomacy
Instrument for political diplomacy.
- 1 - threatened to deploy troops to the country's position in negotiations Tqvyn
- 2 - Economic Measures
- 3 - Regular use of new tools for subversion
Chapter 16 of the United Nations and the international order
Problems between and within countries:
Countries are expected to comply with the minimum standards of acceptable quality in providing social and economic justice. One
of the reasons for this disagreement regarding realistic view of what
is happening inside the country had nothing to do with any of the
countries. The international community was willing to resolve violations of the ethical cosmopolitanism were inseparable.between countries that violate human rights, civil rights, the lack of international order is to risk falling. Follow the traditional rules of behavior, there was an increasing challenge for diplomats. They are based on traditional principles should ignore the internal affairs of States to maintain global stability.If
the relationship between heart hated the concept of conflict of
national interests and pursue justice, there was a first priority. Public
aid activities such as peacekeeping, humanitarian intervention as a
step in a number of cases where national interests were defended. The moral judgment and linking the activities of national interest will strengthen.
One of the key issues to consider increasing readiness within the UN there. The
main factor was the international system of sovereign equality of
States Parties to the United Nations and international law are equal. The intervention in the traditional sense is always in conflict with the principles of the United Nations. But
during the government to interfere in the internal affairs of each
other and sometimes they think they are entitled to do this. It is proposed that the United Nations Charter states consider not only salary but also considers the law has. Human
Shdydhqvq violation in itself could be a justification for the
intervention of the United Nations Kosovo case shows that this approach
will be adopted in the future. Security
Council resolution 1990 and the establishment of safe zones in Iraq and
emphasized the aims of the protected areas of the Kurds against Saddam.
The role of the UN in 2000:
A: peace and security between states:
They were not under UN command.
host government deployed troops under UN Secretary-General and the Security Council permanent members were missing.
3
- cooperate with Governments in the development of the specialized
agencies and other international organizations were collaborating with
the governments of the 60s was the development of appropriate action by
the "United Nations Development Program» undp cooperation with the host government, was later found by the UNDP coordination difficult.
Such as public health and disease control, agricultural development.
5
- Human rights monitoring and benchmarking: a wide range of human
rights conventions and guidelines on benchmarking, monitoring and
observing them for low pressure was centered.
(B) equity within countries:
1 - humanitarian aid
2 - Developing a new agenda for development
3 - be part of the next government
4 - Safeguarding of Peace
5 - Promotion of Human Rights
6 - Registration of Arms
A: The problem of global governance in the 21st century:
1 - continuing problems of coordination and planning
2 - coping problems and the need for neutrality
3 - financial problems
4 - problems with executive authority and legitimacy
5 - Problem and analysis
Chapter 17
Subject of international relations at the beginning of the relationship between Britain and countries like India. Institutional, economic, social and environmental student organizations and industrial companies ... As
non-state actors, but this approach is of secondary importance in the
world today, especially because of the globalization phenomenon has been
challenged for some reason. 1
- There is no ambiguity in the meaning of the second match of the
contemporary world - today the government due to the economic activities
of transnational corporations and the threat of violent criminals and
guerrillas are losing their rule in the third - non-government
organizations the network of relationships in the world that The governments involved have lost their political independence.
State-centric approach:
This
is possible only if the international relations, government relations
can be defined to include the Governments approach - based or called
realism.
Some
authors believe that the issue of "non-state actors should only be
considered in cases of what is going on between the government and not
the more»
"Non-state actors" of the term implicit is that states are the dominant actors and other actors are secondary. But
it is not clear ambiguity, intergovernmental organizations,
international organizations are national or non-national organizations.
The
major advantage of government approach - axis is the relative
complexity of world politics simply because it makes the same assumption
explains the interactions of 200 units.
Four approaches to the problem - axis:
the meaning «stat» is different and that means the Government has set. The
legal concepts of civil society and social policy of the state, while
philosophers and sociologists have emphasized the concept of the state
government, civil society and state are separated. Therefore,
in cases where international law or order of the state government can
not contain community actors in the transnational relationships between
governments and communities must be examined.
2
- Lack of similarity between countries: the definition of giving equal
status and equal rights for all states in the sense that they are all
basically the same type. Conventional analysis applying the power of medium and small power to recognize the differences between countries.general
recognition of the right to have a government that they are legally
similar but are different from each other politically.It is also a great variety.
. A cohesive unit that serves the public know.
4 - The difference between the state and the nation: the politics of countries with a significant amount of policy
Social identity is a hierarchy of local identity and national identity to the wider grouping continues. The national societies and intergovernmental organizations can also contribute to the personal dependence.
Financial
flows and undermining the rule: the large transnational corporations,
has had important consequences can no longer be said that every nation
has its own separate economy. Dvmshkhsh control of the governance of exchange controls on foreign trade are greatly weakened.
import
and export directly in front of the nation, but to prevent indirect
trade with other countries, there is no way guaranteed.
UN definition of acceptable international nongovernmental organizations:
Economic and Social Council of the United Nations Charter based on six principles are considered:
1 - NGOs should support the goals and activities of the United Nations
2
- NGOs should be identified centered at a selected entity and its
officials against a Democratic Assembly and be responsible for policy
3 - The organization is non-profit does not
4 - not a violent person or nongovernmental organization that supports
5 - Non-governmental organizations to the principle of "non-interference in the internal affairs of countries cultural" respect
6
- International NGO organization that has been negotiated between the
governments of the principle of non-being is a technical legal term.
Never open borders is to be unimportant. So
go beyond the borders of all kinds of international organizations and
intergovernmental and transnational actors affect their constituents.
In
general, the constituent documents of international organizations Amlly
are goals, rules of behavior, the Secretariat undertook to indicate the
identity of the organization and interaction processes. The
view that international organizations are systems indicate that they
are politically and international politics can not be reduced to
relations between countries.
System and policy issues in international politics:
The Realists, competence is not determinative influence.
Usually
the legal authority of the government, controlled by the economic and
military capabilities of specialized information and communications
accessible to support the goals and values are. Political process can be communicated in a way that will attract attention and respect from other players is vital. If
the power is dominant only in the military is seen by governments and
multinational companies overcome by the power of economic resources will
be seen.
connecting the different areas.
Changes
in domestic politics and global civil society resource companies are
often economic change and political action NGOs are often the source of
new ideas for.
Communications and Internet Revolution: Chapter 25
The explosive growth of the Internet in the 1990s entered the global arena. Communications has always had an important role in international relations, which has increased in importance today. This effect will last for a long time is overlooked. But today, due to the three front-line communication, globalization and international relations are:
1
- governments have developed policies and competitive telecommunication
sector monopolized the communication infrastructure to abandon the
traditional rules and regulations and needed only the created.
New
and vital component of globalization, faster and cheaper means of
communication such as fax, phone, computer, internet and ... This means the people, companies and countries, and almost no time period is connected. Although
food, housing, healthcare, and vital human needs is important, but the
main factor for the development of an efficient communication network
access and innovation, productivity and job creation has become.
Instantaneous
global communications to non-state actors gives the power and might of
the political, military and economic might of the origin of these
changes is discussed ICT
The global network of 90 computers in the world, greatly reduced the cost of international phone calls
In
the past, communications and telephone services in the state was
allowed to enter areas such as communications or satellite television
did not. It
was the first international policies on 2 axis - the exclusive provider
of communication services and the lack of competition in the phone 2 -
systems and equipment international standards became the norm.
Management
of international telecommunications submarine cable since 1970,
remained unchanged in the core of the management, "International
Telecommunications Union," the task:
1
- Developing technical criteria 2 - ensure the efficiency and
suitability of 3 - ensure there is no interference with the frequency
and length available 4 - Provide technical assistance to poor countries 5
- assigning satellite orbits around the earth
Reagan-Thatcher economic revolution of the 1980s provided the global communications revolution.section.
The
analysis atandt companies to small companies in the U.S., have revised
their policies and regulations in different countries and created
competition and innovation. With
the development of voice communications and data exchange via telephone
or wireless, to the borders of the country apart and fade gradually
emerged as a global convergence. Digital divide between China increased only exception was in 2000 that the United States has the highest mobile phone.
At
the international level, the Uruguay Round negotiations in 1994 helped
create the belief that the business will be open and competitive
telecommunications and information services.
Three
basic steps for the development of international telecommunications
regime was removed from 1-15 in 1998 to compete in the Europe Union
countries are required to provide telephone service, 2 - after
negotiations with the World Trade Organization about the service
connection of other countries. Agreed to:
1 -2 communications market to release
2-2 barriers to competition in local telephone service in urban, intercity and reduce satellite
3-2 of verbal rules are designed to protect competition
4-2 to allow foreign companies to operate in the field of satellite services
3 - The U.S. Federal Communications Commission to unilaterally reduce the cost of international calls
Europe is higher. All messages exchanged between Europe, Asia Pacific and the U.S., a third of the messages exchanged between the three regions.
explains the evolution of the international success of the Internet.
At
present, the number of pages that will be added to the Internet every
day, which is nine times the population of the world increases. In 1990, fifty percent (50%) of web sites belonging to the U.S. bases in Germany has increased tenfold. 38 percent of users in 2000 were Americans.
2 - The development of electronic commerce is that the Internet is a major customer.
In 2000 the share of e-commerce in industrial countries, the U.S. GDP was 5% ahead in this field.
3
- The third transformation: the wireless transmission of data and voice
communications will soon be able to wirelessly transmit data and voice
communications via wireless to compete strongly. Since wireless voice communications and in some countries, especially poor countries are taken from regular communication.
Impact of the information revolution on actors
and the role of governments and policy-makers will change.
1
- governments have access to more information, the real risk is
paralyzed due to the volume of information, governments and policy
makers should distinguish between information that is important from
what is not so they
2 - global networks means that the decision-making process can be centralized or decentralized. Governments with centralized decision-making processes that decrease the importance of foreign missions, embassies are. Embassies to gather information and send them to the capitals of their respective countries.
3
- global network state monopoly on the use of information, companies,
journalists, non-governmental organizations in most of the states are
more and more when
to.
acquisition of wealth through investments and partnerships that extend beyond national borders. Companies large and growing international relations, especially economic relations, international financial shape.
Impact of the information revolution, and military diplomacy:
Instantaneous communication via global networks has caused a revolution in military and diplomatic matters. These changes can be divided into three components:
It is not yet clear, comprehensive information on the policies to be more appropriate.space for innovation can reduce confidence and self-revelation
2 - global network decides who and how they may change.
3
- a global network of communications and information technology are
changing the way modern warfare is all modern armies are investing in
information technology and telecommunications. The main cause of degradation and production.
Tasyz information revolution on international economic relations and negotiations
Global
flows of capital may be invested in economic growth and the weakening
of national policies and provide grounds for crime and corruption.
Chapter 18
Environmental issues:
International
was created can help to understand the environmental issues posed
challenges to the theory of international relations.
The
sharp rise in sea fishing, severe erosion and soil degradation, the
destruction of natural habitats and vegetation, accumulation of waste in
the sea air and water, acid rain, destruction of the ozone layer, from
the late 20th century, the effects of global environmental destruction.
From
the global environment: First, some environmental issues are global in
nature (ozone destruction, acid rain, global warming, etc.) and can be
addressed only through international cooperation.
Second, some operational issues related to the global common resources. (Eg, ocean, sea floor space and outer space)
Third, some of the environmental issues are essentially transnational. That
is not the general global nature of the cross national boundaries, such
as sulfur dioxide may be issued in one country is transmitted by the
wind in downstream countries.
deforestation, pollution of rivers and of the process)
Fifth
processes that lead to over-exploitation of resources and environmental
degradation are fundamentally political, economic and social processes
that link
Environmental issues on the international agenda:
1948 as the "Ship Owners Club" was established to facilitate navigation and improve safety. The
first international treaty relating to plant in Bern in 1889 to prevent
the spread of the disease had spread in the vineyards of Europe were
created. Grndgan
Protection Convention in 1902, the 1911 Convention on the Protection of
the jaws grocery Agriculture in 1945 to preserve natural resources, the
Convention on the Law of the Sea to manage access to the sea and sea
Bstz in 1960 and ... Were created.
Stockholm
Convention: the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment
held, to establish an international framework to promote a coordinated
approach to the problem of pollution and other environmental issues, its
purpose was. The conference was a turning point and institutions created after it had lasting impact.
Attention
beyond the Stockholm Conference, the public and educate governments,
lasting contribution to the environment has to offer:
First, the principles of the framework agreement on environmental cooperation in the future.
Second: This conference led to the creation of a global network and local environmental monitoring
Third: This conference led to the creation of the United Nations Environment Programme
Fourth, the conference was broader institutional and political changes.
Mhty Environmental Challenges for International Relations:
Certain environmental issues challenging the dominant approach to international relations. One of these challenges is the role of governments. But
the current thinking about the nature and scope of international
environmental governance, the government is faced with serious
challenges. While
environmental problems are rarely caused by the local government and be
more deliberate measures of economic policy is an unintentional side
effect of the process. In
this process, a large number of companies and non-state actors such as
corporations, local authorities, financial institutions and individuals
... The government is at least as important. Although governments in the formulation and implementation of environmental regulations can play a direct role. National
organizations such as the Europe Union governments are playing an
international role and is able to regulate activities within member
states. Even in discussions and negotiations, agreements and international environmental NGOs have the main role.
Chapter 19
Expand the core
Spread of nuclear weapons is a sign of global politics.and the probability that the world in which different regions are different from each other. Trends
in some regions of the world such as Latin America, South East Asia,
Africa and Central Asia into a zone free of nuclear weapons, there are
others, such as South Asia, East Asia, Middle East and North is toward
the development of nuclear weapons by 1945 created a situation that became interdependent core strategic fact of life.
nuclear weapons became the most important developments. The problem was that because the government may be seeking to acquire nuclear weapons? The
foundations of the minds of policymakers and strategic analysts had
engaged in nuclear development time is often in the form of "The Power"
will be considered. Nth Power problem
During the Cold War between East and West became the stabilizing conflict can also be effective in other situations. The
theory underpinning the hypothesis that those who opposed the spread of
nuclear weapons, the situation is getting worse, not better, has faced.
Afdamat opponents to focus on best practices to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons ahead.
Efforts
to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons led to the emergence of
unilateral action, bilateral, regional and universal it is. Collectively, these measures are often global non-proliferation regime, nuclear Slahhhay call. Proponents of this diet believe that these measures a total of 1960 Mhdvdkrdh is the proliferation of nuclear weapons.
Critics argue that this regime is discriminatory because it allows five countries still have nuclear weapons.
Nature of nuclear weapons and their effects:
Effects
of nuclear weapons is very high because of the United Nations
Commission on Conventional Weapons in 1948 for distinguished from
conventional weapons to nuclear weapons, the phrase "weapons of mass
destruction" imposed. Energy is produced in three different weapons: 1 - Blast 2 - thermal or radiation heating 3 - nuclear radiation
Massive losses of human populations could be the result of nuclear fusion explosion. The
largest nuclear weapon ever tested heat is estimated to be a 58
mega-ton bomb (TNT 58 million), which was built by the Soviets at the
height of the Cold War.
He had caught a disease caused by radiation.
The global spread of nuclear technology and ballistic missiles:
groups. In
all five countries, America, Britain, France, China, the Soviet Union
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty "nuclear weapon states" became the
country before 1967 had tested its nuclear weapons in 1998, both in
India and Pakistan joined the nuclear weapon states to do tests.
The
structural change was the development of a civilian nuclear commerce
market in the past, America was the only supplier of nuclear materials
and technology from France and Germany in the 1970s and later joined
Japan to the supplier. But most of the supplier countries, there is concern that the proliferation of nuclear trade rules and not be easier.
The increasing development of nuclear delivery methods:
In
the 1950s, nuclear weapons on bombers Big specifically to carry these
weapons were designed so that the advances in technology to build
missiles and munitions, nuclear was possible as many countries as a
means of nuclear weapons that carry.At the end of the 990 nuclear issue highlight.
Trying
to build an anti-missile Balsytk other important developments of the
1960s in the field of anti-ballistic missile negotiators believed would
undermine deterrence and international stability. It was this view that each country will deploy these systems are protected against enemy strategic offensive forces.other
hand, the defense systems, a major challenge Babur was supposed
deterrent. Treaty of 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile deployment of these
missiles (Russian America), the location of the capitals of the two
countries and two intercontinental ballistic missile sites and covenants
restrictingat different stages of the flight path.
But
it is also an international response, especially Russia and China will
have them believed it would compromise the stability of the
international.
Theorizing about the spread of nuclear nonproliferation:
Most literature written on the subject of political realism is still based on theoretical ideas. Based
on the theory of chaotic states in an international environment,
nuclear weapons are looking to strengthen their security. Other
scientific theories in recent years lost its charm and questions about
the spread of nuclear weapons, "according to the analysis of" what might
have caused. Should the individual, cultural group, organization, government, or international organization Mjvmh of these stressed?
Some
analysts strengthening the nuclear non-proliferation talks about the
importance of the role of cultural identity and cultural components are
stressed.
Some also argue that norms, and epistemic communities play an important role in the nuclear case. Some international norms as limiting nuclear behavior and develop appropriate behavioral measures of attention are the actors.
The traditional analysis is motivated by the proliferation tends to focus on the inter-governmental and governmental levels.
political, strategic and reputation that would follow a nuclear weapon states would have the focus.
Later it became the role of deterrence.
Proliferation of nuclear weapons is better or worse?
One
of the most controversial arguments in the context of the proliferation
of nuclear weapons, the theory of "more is better" in the early 1980s
by Kenneth Waltz argued. Waltz in favor of nuclear proliferation rather than extend his analysis and his theory puts on neorealist assumptions.nuclear weapon.
The debate between Waltz and Sagan (sagan), Sagan argued Waltz "proliferation optimists" is
He's the best way to encourage the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and the global non-proliferation regime knows.
هیئت علمی دانشگاه ؛ عضو بنیاد ملی نخبگان و انجمن علوم سیاسی ایران و مجموعه وزارت اقتصاد
