دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی

What is globalization? Renato Giroux is the first head of the World Trade Organization, the global reality that will stick in your palate. Despite numerous Antsharktab about globalization, we are still in the conceptual analysis inaccurate, empirically weak, in terms of historical and cultural Svadanh, the politically naive and unaware indicated. Ted Turner Srshnasgfth the face of "globalization goes quickly but the ability to understand and respond to the motion is a turtle. Five broad definition of "globalization" is very suggestive. 1 - A sense of the meaning of globalization is internationalization. Cross-border relations between countries of the world to describe and characterize the development of international exchange and interdependence. "Widespread and growing flows of trade and investment among countries Disables" The increasing globalization movement and displacement of people, messages and ideas among countries. 2 - Globalization, liberalization is intended to mean. 3 - Globalization means the World Wide Web is considered. Refers to the process of publishing experience and a variety of peoples. 4 - The American West and to know the meaning of this view, globalization is a dynamic social structures through which modernism's spread across the world. And autonomous culture and will destroy earliest. 5 - The deterritorialization means such as the renewal of the geographical configuration of social space more fully in terms of land, territorial distances and territorial borders are not recognized. There are different views about globalization Some believe that globalization is nothing more than a temporary period of human history is short and there is no need to revise their understanding of international politics Western capitalism and globalization in the name of modernization else know. Some also believe that world politics is fundamentally changing Bangr process and requires a new understanding of it. Evaluating about globalization are divided into three categories. 1 - "Universalists" claim is completely contemporary social world. Examples of "non-national companies' e-commerce - consider making 3 - "intermediate" major trend of globalization consider it along with other developments, there is a great gap between completion. The transformation and globalization of the contemporary world and its dimensions are carefully measured and evaluated. Measuring globalization emphasizes the perspective of the group often unevenly spread. Four of globalization and social change 1 - Production of Globalization Globalization has changed the nature of economic activity largely by technological developments In March and transportation, communications and data processing are related. The advances in production and changes in how they are produced. 2 - Governance: Some experts believe globalization is preventing the authority and autonomy of states. Developing relationships with other world "weakening the national government" and "the decline of the nation-state" and the government retreated know. Several feet beyond the "crisis of the nation-state" and endangered the national government "have declared. Increasingly powerful government and semi-government organizations and the public will be given a sub-state. Simultaneously, the kind of" new multilateralism "It is apparent that:  B: international organizations that are independent from governments to become global governance institutions.  B: global companies and international agencies and civil society in the process of organizing and monitoring are effective. will become. As a result, the diversity and the globalization of post-national approach is based on a single global culture of consumerism, mass media, Gray and American English. It is considered that the ideas of globalization and cultural diversity will increase. 4 - Modernity and Psanvgrayy: Some believe that globalization has led to the development of modernism "high-level international relations in a way that is progressive and Extremist develop and expand the footprint of new structures, such as rationalism, bureaucracy, capitalism and industrialism is. These Some of the theorists themselves "postmodern" to know post-modern globalized world characterized by information-oriented media, Frahqyqy, virtual simulation and social experiences in which people define their sense of identity and their awareness of sustainability lose. Consequences of globalization on democracy: elimination rule, the principles of democracy creates opportunities for expansion. As the emergence of "postmodern states" it is imperative that they use and the opposition being prophets of doom "chaotic events" caused "global chaos" to predict the pessimistic view of globalization intolerance and violence in the form of extreme nationalism, racism, religious fundamentalism, terrorism appears. Increased globalization of the Civil War, particularly in eastern and southern states will weaken.'s Second important aspect of the world, the integration of environmental security. Those who have a positive attitude toward the subject of international conferences - Support Groups Global Environment to maintain awareness of the contemporary world, such as digital computer technology could be significantly improved environmental management. After an extensive literature on globalization is claimed security and economic security are its supporters on developments emphasize the efficiency and economic growth. It is said to increase global trade distribution of consumer satisfaction is the most popular low price. Create jobs, reduce work pressure due to technological advances, the pace and scale of humanitarian aid is greater than the last. Globalization of others will lead to environmental disaster. The sample consists of uncontrolled exploitation and erosion of natural resources, excessive growth of the world's population, nuclear destruction, acid rain, destruction of the ozone layer, climate change, endangered species, AIDS, and ... Justice: Do people have the same opportunities to participate in global issues or condones the repression of the population of the world is. Do people Btv fair share of costs? Most of the negative comments about social justice aspects of this phenomenon that often emphasizes the continuity and deepening of the social hierarchy. Some argue that globalization will increase the elite's privileges. Income gap has increased in most countries. Many women's rights, gender injustice with regard to globalization. Injustice in the rural population of the other negative aspects of globalization Rural areas than in urban areas are benefited from globalization. Because of the continued trend of globalization, urban development is the effort. The "world food culture of" strengthening the industrial and financial capital in rural areas and large living and livelihood and food security in the sub damage is landlords. The history of "globalization." The word "globe" world in English a few hundred years ago when it became clear that the earth is spherical and the "round earth" was coined. In common language, global international character "of the 1890s to refer to the" whole world "is used. Terms of" globalization "in a paper that was published 50 years after applied. (Rayzr and Davis, 1944, p 212 and 219), the term globalization first appeared in 1961 in an American dictionary (Webster, 1961, p 965) Implications of globalization: 1 - Drrayj the use of the term globalization in everyday language, it is equivalent to have Tsvrkrdh internationalization. This view of globalization "and Abstgy an increase engagement and interaction between people of different countries of the world." 2 - apply the neoliberal "globalization and liberalization is considered to mean" from this viewpoint, our globalizing world without barriers for controlling the transfer of resources across countries. " 3 - Globalization refers to the "World Wide Web" 4 - Western sense of the post-colonial imperialism comes about. In most of these cases, globalization is linked to the process of homogenization. 5 - globalization as "deterritorialization" is considered. Globalization in the application indicates a wide variation in the nature of social space. Dimension of Globalization In terms of communication: Tzyq global expansion of computer networks, telecommunications, and mass media, as it has been realized. In terms of organization The process of globalization through the development and growth of enterprises, institutions and regulatory bodies that act as transnational networks has proceeded. Of Ecology: By phenomena such as globalization, climate change, ozone layer thinning, and reduction occurs at the surface represents environmental diversity. None of these environmental changes can not be confined to a particular country. Production of: Garkhanh of "globalization" in sectors such as automobile and motorcycle manufacturing in the field of microelectronics have been developed in various stages of production within a national economy is not limited to hold the number of countries, and the production of a single be included global. In the military: : We have seen the emergence of a global arms intercontinental ballistic missiles, spy satellites in the whole world has turned into a single strategic areas. Thinking in everyday life: In the early 21st century as much as those who live in the same place as previous generations did not know that. Causes of Globalization 1 - The development of rationalism as the predominant  The general configuration of the global spread of rationalism thinking through the process of globalization has expanded the knowledge of the four main characteristics are distinct. A: That is true secular aspects of the physical world defines it in terms of the need B: The human dimension is oriented mainly to the fact that in terms of human interests and activities (C) the characteristics of a "scientist" is the indisputable fact that the phenomenon can be detected by careful application of research methods to objectively understand Vslyh D rationalism is an aspect that is considered the most valuable insight that allows people to solve immediate problems. 2 - number of turns in the evolution of capitalism 3 - Technological innovation in communications and data processing 4 - form a strong regulatory framework Most of these laws are derived from the state summary of laws and regulations to strengthen the 4-way globalization. 1 - Standardization of procedures and technical 2 - free cross-border movement of cash, investments, goods and services 3 - to guarantee property rights for international capital 4 - The law of international organizations and activities Globalization of production: Capitalism has helped to strengthen further. The concept of global politics: Patterns in the world of politics and policy, not just in the countries of the relationships between organizations that may or may not be a country (such as multinational corporations, terrorist groups, NGOs, human rights) Normative views of academicians with the scientific study of international politics and political problems of the world can find reasons to politicians to help solve these problems. This is called a normative perspective. Marxist theory (structuralism or world system theory): 1 - The main feature of world politics is happening in the global capitalist economy 2 - The main categories of actors are not states and other actors' behavior is described by a class of agents 3 - governments, multinational corporations and international organizations representing the interests of the dominant classes in the world economy 4 - The global economy severely limit the government's freedom of action. 5 - a global politics of class conflict in which it occurs 6 - The most important feature of the international economy in the world into the center, semi-periphery and periphery is 7 - The most important feature of world politics Miran economic independence. 8 - Authority to the extent that it is not important because it is important for the realist concept of the political and legal implications. 9 - Marxists believe that globalization is no illusion It is the final stage in the development of international capitalism. 10 - The globalization of the world rather than being similar to the difference between the center and the periphery more. * The process of globalization has increased communication between communities. A world in which events in political, economic, social and cultural impact of these events is increasingly linked to each other more. Globalization eight characteristics: 1 - Globalization is a common feature of modernization. This change alters the nature of the industry in order to enhance accountability and reduce its control over the results. The old model of international relations based on power politics would be abolished. 2 - between globalization and the influence of writers such as Rostow argued that there are many similarities. 3 - liberal paradigm, written literature has an important place. 4 - very much like the picture of the world that globalization offers the features that McLuhan's "global village" is drawn there. 5 - an overlap between some of the major themes and issues of globalization and the works of writers such as John Burton there. John Burton has established a global policy reform cobweb model. This means that the main patterns of global politics, commerce, communication, language, ideology, and so created that the traditional focus on political relations between states are. 6 - in the 60 - 70-80 dramatic works of the authors of the project "World Order Models Project" was released relevant. They were focused on the global issue that is now the main focus of most studies are done with globalization. Views of members of the World Order Models Project unit of analysis is the individual level of analysis is universal. This model is more focused on the most vulnerable people in the world and the environment. 7 - The idea of ​​some of the concepts of globalization and the international community believe that there are similarities. 8 - Globalization many commonalities with the arguments of Fukuyama's end of history. With five of the world economy can be concluded: 1 - Globalization refers to a banner day for the last stage of capitalism (Thompson and Hyrst) 2 - Transnational corporations are actually pretty rare, most of them are national companies that operate internationally 3 - no change in the capital and financial flows to developing countries can not be seen. 4 - In a global economy, international trade, investment and finance, not three blocks in Europe, North America and Japan are concentrated 5 - The current international economic and unique, not only on the economy of some aspects of the 1870 and 1914 international economy is less open Opponents of globalization point of view 1 - This is a reference to the last stage of capitalism is the motto sting 2 - The impact of globalization is not balanced, and it seems that it is a Western concept and is applicable only to a small part of humanity. 3 - Globalization may be the final stage of Western capitalism 4 - With the globalization of losers in this process are 5 - All the forces of globalization are not necessarily good 6 - All of what is called the universal rule is that the transnational social movements who are responsible and accountable 7 - At the heart of globalization, there is an oxymoron.deny justified. Replies to the objections of critics of globalization: 1 - First, globalization has not achieved the same in different parts of the world. Reducing distances and geographical boundaries of North America, the Pacific Rim and ... Higher than in Africa and Central Asia. In addition to the general globalization of urban residents, professionals and young people affected is much higher than the other. 2 - Globalization is a process of cultural assimilation 3 - Globalization and territorial jurisdiction of the policies of the world has not. 4 - Globalization can not be understood in terms of a single driving force. It can not be a conspiracy Ahmytanra to bring down American or Western. 5 - Globalization is not a panacea. Liberalists the emergence of a world body "border" as Dawn equality, prosperity, peace and freedom worldwide have embraced. Sovereignty in the age of globalization: 1 - Westphalian system, largely thanks to the advance of globalization is history. 2 - What are the legal and regulatory regimes in terms of practical sovereignty can no longer meet the criteria. 3 - In the context of globalization and social characteristics are Frasrzmyny borders by electronic mass flow loses its previous importance Transmission of computer data, precipitation fallout and phone calls can not be stopped at the border checkpoints deployed. sovereignty legitimizes. Chapter 12 (Global and international security during the Cold War) Security concept: Typically something most writers have different opinions about it. we need the military aspects of security, including political, economic, social and environmental, and the wider international context is defined. This approach requires attention to the interests of the neighboring countries as well.  Some dual processes of integration and disintegration which characterize today's world means that countries should pay more attention to the issue of social security.national of the country, the security analysis must be the center of attention.  Some experts believe that the global community in the 1990s because the fetus is not high emphasis on national and international security. Therefore, only the formation of the international community to deal with this threat can be effectively addressed. The traditional approach to the issue of national security: is supported and there is no way in the world based on self-help. - Traditional look to the international community as if a fairly brutal fight scene that followed a security threat to its security at the expense of their neighbors. Relations between countries are seen as a struggle to obtain power. Neorealist main hypotheses are: 1 - The international system is anarchic 2 - to defend his country and the expansion of offensive military capabilities will provide power 3 - suspicion and distrust among the nature of the international system is 4 - governments are seeking to maintain their independence and sovereignty and survival has become their main motives 5 - While governments act rationally, but there is a possibility of error in the calculations. The authors Nyvryalstty like Myrshay, not a permanent feature of international politics of the war, however, may lead to ongoing security competition will be like rain that war may be permanent. Therefore, to achieve real and lasting peace or a world in which governments do not compete with each other for power is very limited. - Between countries are difficult - From the perspective of neo-realist writers after the war was possible to create a dramatic change in the nature of the international system is small Persian Gulf War, the experience of violence in the former Yugoslavia, the former Soviet Nshah parts of the world that we live in a Its main feature is the lack of trust in the security field continues Rqabyt. Cooperation between the countries will be difficult to achieve and maintain, but it would be more difficult. Political causes two factors contribute to the problem. Countries are worried about gaining a sense cheating on each other to be together. Such a situation could provide an opportunity for the fraudulent manner in which the victim has suffered a decisive defeat. - 2 - the concern about the "achievements" relative to the international environment full of competition, distrust, and to maximize instability., so it will be more difficult to reach and maintain coordination difficult. Security dilemma: insecurities of others to be defensive, as each of these actors, their actions and the actions of others potentially intimidating closed. Origins of the security dilemma, uncertainty and fear. Realist subject: logical and inevitable consequence of the structural realist's fundamental assumptions.would prefer to compete in these conditions it is possible to achieve security. Conditioned by three reasons realist believes "structural realism" is incomplete: 1 - They race "axis" of the fundamental theory of structural realism reject. The realists international relations if only because it features "self-help" is not necessarily conclude that countries are condemned to perpetual war competition will 2 - Common structural realism, because the emphasis is on the relative gain is flawed and unacceptable. Ryalythay condition because the work that they are aware of the dangers that the country is seeking advantage 3 - realists believe that the third condition is too much fraud because fraud creates risks as well as the arms race Sum of three reasons: 1 - the "competition - oriented" as opposed to the theory 2 - Motivation countries is only relative gains 3 - that the emphasis on the concept of fraud is overstated Reasonable Chaos: This view can be bound through security cooperation (if not destroy) improve. Barry Buzan believes the gradual emergence of the feature 1980 and 1990 (the anarchic sense) that those countries continue to compete aggressively in the global nuclear dangers were understood. - Old and new neighbors into enemies. - Conflict can be solved peacefully through political and diplomatic means. Liberal institutions: International imposed. .can also be provided by organizations like the African nations of ASEAN in Southeast Asia / view among academic writers in the 1980s and early 1990s was Nyzrayj they believe a pattern of institutionalized cooperation instituationalized co-operation)). According to Cohen and Maarten institutions can provide information to bring down transaction costs, credit commitments, they are the focus areas for the overall coordination and interaction to facilitate the. Proponents of this view of the importance of economic policy in Europe, overcoming traditional hostility between European countries are mentioned. They can play a role in achieving a higher level of cooperation between the countries have. Democratic Peace Theory: This theory was developed in 1980 was based on Kantian logic consists of three primary components democratic elections - a commitment to human rights and the interdependence of different countries together. Democratic peace theory is largely written by Michael Doyle and Bruce Wright is seen. War - axis (war-porn) are. There is essentially one another or the use of force. Doyle believes that one of the fruits of democracy is that it conflicts before they lead to violent conflict is resolved. Collective security 1 - resort to military force to change the status quo and instead agreed to condemn the methods of peaceful settlement of disputes is 2 - They have their own national interests more broadly. Interests of the international community so that it can be considered. 3 - The government must overcome the fear and distrust each other and trust each other. Priority treatment is chaos. Collective security as a way to create more effective strategies to deal with aggressive look. Inhibition of collective security is codified Institutions of collective security role in a world full of friends and colleagues who have contributed to the trust to arise. Institutionalizing the system of harmony and agreement between countries is deepening security promise not to as the "self" path to follow. Different views on international and global security: Social Constructivism Theory: According to this view, the fundamental structures of international relations are social rather than physical. - Their principal reference Governments recognize that the study of international politics and international security. International politics is based on chaos - Countries have offensive capabilities and intentions of others can not certainly achieve the main goal is survival of states and countries are trying to have a rational function - That benefit is formed by the structure of the international system The difference in orientation with realistic  realists believe the only material capable of dividing forms.  Constructivism that is the product of social relations. Product of such common knowledge that social structures and material resources Mlkrdhast Social Constructivism emphasizes the notion of common knowledge is important in the social structures of the material (such as banks and financial resources) Constructivism is the idea of ​​power politics that affect the behavior of governments, but can not explain all behaviors in the international arena. Safety critical theory and feminist approaches: such as safety critical and feminist theorists have emphasized the importance given to the role of government and the security context are defined differently. The school safety critical theorists, governments should be the center of our analysis. Thus, not only because of their personality differences, but most are part of the problem of security in the international system of states could be providing security. But they are the source of the threat. Therefore, we focus instead on the wisdom of governments to Booth, Wayne Jones of reference that relying on the best way to ensure security through human Zdsazy. Emphasizing the goal of freeing up the ground for the development of doctrine, policy, hoping for a "politics of resistance" provided. Feminist writers of the traditional emphasis on the role of states in international security studies are challenging, but not much difference between feminist theories of postmodernism and critical theory Frasakhtargra there. The perspective of postmodernism: Many of the post-modern view of the goal of replacing "social dialogue" instead of a new discourse on peace and harmony discourse emphasizes realism.assumed a will. The main difference between realism and postmodernism 1 - Realism world fixed, definite, intelligible and understandable knows Postmodernist believe about the world around us, there are numerous various interpretations. No continuity, meaning as definite, fixed field, or learn the secrets of seal does not break. They are just perceptions or interpretations of 2 - Postmodernist emphasis on knowledge as the basis for abstract (mental) causes important to them in terms of normative values. 3 - The Postmodern, the static and silent realist ideology is not only men but also with a global policy is outdated and dangerous discourse is becoming a major obstacle to the formation of hegemonic discourse is peaceful. 4 - post modern "certainty" is realism 6 - postmodern social dialogue should agree not only to be replaced by realism. Rather, the goal is achievable. Chapter 13 (International Political Economy in the Age of Globalization) World economy after World War II: Policymakers gathered at Bretton Woods in 1944 to examine how to solve two serious problems 1 - Great Record 1930 sure was not replicated in other words, a way to achieve a stable international monetary system and global free trade system found 2 - economy to rebuild war-torn Europe . 2 - International Bank for Reconstruction Development (World Bank) to facilitate private investment and restructuring in Europe and contribute to development of only three other countries - favor a tariff limited experience (GATT) was signed in 1947 and the negotiations on trade liberalization become. Traditional approaches to political economy: The highest gains for investments to be followed. With the help of freely convertible currencies of economies and free markets can do better. World prices of all these factors creates an effective and uniform distribution as the invisible hand ensures that goods and services in the global economy. In order to face the global economy is minimal. St. Mrkantysty  Your words are like a forest international system in which each state is doing whatever it takes to survive. The purpose of any government is to increase the wealth and independence. Some states explicitly in the system more ability to deal with others. The most powerful states to define the limits of the law and pay. The economic policies of the governments of each of the function's efforts to maintain its sovereignty within and outside the country. Marxist tradition: Capitalist means of production in the hands of those who are oppressed working class. The conflict between them is due to the fact that the capitalists are trying to increase their profits. Anatomy in international relations and class relations in order to explain the relationship between center and periphery is unequal exchange between them. Rational choice approach or modern utilitarianism: The U.S. is the dominant approach to the study of international political economy. This approach uses economic concepts to explain the policy.can have strategic choices. This approach is well suited to describe rational terms. "Rational choice" or a tendency to gain new ideas? In this approach, economic concepts are used to explain the policy. Instead of rational choice explaining concepts, personalities, historical tradition or ideology behind the policies and institutions that are focused on the structure of incentives facing decision makers.At that time, this was the most appropriate option. Nyvgramshy approach, radical reading: The benefit here is that, in the opinion of all the actions and behavior of the world economy, culture and knowledge emerge. This is the question that is raised is that the interests and beliefs of the rules and norms of whom are included in this system. Gramsci's answer to "who benefits" is the hegemonic power through coercion and consent of the other actors in the system achieves its goals. This means that the dominant power in the promotion of institutions, ideologies and ideas that will encourage other players are very effective. The globalization of the world economy, reducing the role of government? control of economic interaction. The flow rate, the trade, investment, governments have tightened create a. Chapter 14 of the international regime Liberal institutionalists and realists regime's role in the international system, despite the fact that the structure of the international system is anarchic, but no law (Anvmyk) is not. Realists and liberal institutionalists look different from the regime: - Liberal institutionalists believe that the regime will allow the government to overcome the obstacles in the way of cooperation. Structural barriers it has created chaos peaceful international system Liberal institutionalists and realists are common assumptions about regimen: 1 - states in an anarchic international system, to successfully 2 - states are acting in a reasonable and simple 3 - states are responsible for the formation regimes 4 - regime based on international cooperation in the form 5 - to strengthen the international regulatory regime Liberal institutionalists and realists regimes on different perspectives: Liberal institutionalists:  regimes enable states to work  regimes reinforce the public interest  hegemonic regimes when it began to develop a kind and gentle strengthening and support them  regimes of globalization and liberal world order are Realists:  Coordination possible regimes for the country (annoying)? Will  different regimes of interest for the country to create  power is the main feature of regime formation and  nature of the rules and norms of international regulatory regimes depends Defined regimes: the regime of the high definition, but they all have the same definition in 1980 by "Stephen Krasyz" is presented widely. Set of rules, principles, norms, rules and decision-making processes are based on the implicit and explicit expectations of actors in a given area of ​​international relations, and the convergence becomes closer. From this definition it is clear that diet is more than just laws and a high level of institutionalization as a default occurs. Sbqh classification regime: Regime classification is based on two dimensions: 1 - vertical dimension: expressing formal or informal agreements diet is a diet could be related to the emergence of an international organization. 2 - horizontal dimension: a regime in the absence of any formal agreement, there is an informal agreement between countries on the basis of historical precedent is created. Another classification of regimes: - Diet tacit: even the official Nbvdqvad expect there to observe informal rules - Discredited regime: formal rules, but there is no expectation of observing them - Full-scale regimes: the high expectations created by law enforcement officials. Based on geographical divisions: 1 - Bilateral 2 - Region 3 - World A regimen of four main components: 1 - Principles: a coherent set of theoretical statements, and statements about how the world functions. GATT was based on liberal principles upon which global prosperity through free trade increases 2 - norms: norms of behavior and specifies the rights and obligations of governments to identify 4 - The process of making sense guidelines for behavior Many theories about the formation regimes: Liberal institutionalist approach: The starting assumption is that the problems of chaotic regime should the international system has to overcome. They are trying to figure out why it is working to prevent chaos and to find ways to overcome barriers. Barriers to regime formation: Liberal institutionalists for understanding why the structure of the international system prevents violent chaotic regime is the formation of microeconomics and game theory could help. Although liberal institutionalists and realists believe that diet is the most important characteristic of the international system, but they both come to different results.  The liberal institutionalists: Necessity is the regime for properties in the violent anarchy of the international system, there are strategies that will neutralize competitive strategies based on cooperation. Their purpose is to prevent competitive strategies in other cases the rational response of structural system is chaotic manner.  Realists: the emergence of regimes that are subject to a condition in which there is a mutual desire for cooperation but also creates chaos synchronization problem. Islam, unlike the realist assumption that there is no incentive to coordinate a time to come aside. There is no doubt that the "primary role" to play your diet can cause other states are expected to follow this diet. - Difference of opinion about the regime's economic realists openly reveals the role of power in the regime. The rich and powerful governments that have shaped economic regimes and third world countries have no choice except to accept it. What is diplomacy? (Chapter 15) One of the most obscure and difficult diplomatic terms that have different meanings depending on its application. Diplomacy of the landscape is divided into two categories. 1 - Macro: that tries to make sense of world politics as a whole to understand. 2 - micro perspective: the world of politics, which tries to explain the different but complementary angle. This approach focuses on states and countries that have worked to his advantage in world politics. In the longer perspective of international players such as the government's policy is to understand the behavior of the actors in the global system to obtain a clear view. From the perspective of international diplomacy can be seen as a process rather than as a political tool. May be used directly in contact with other parties (as diplomacy) or as a vehicle for the use or threat of use of other tools can be used (policy mix) Characteristics of traditional diplomacy: 1 - Structure: the relationship among state political leaders realized it was developed together on a regular and consistent basis to talk and negotiate.respectively). 2 - Process: the traditional system of bilateral diplomacy based organization that was confidential and trade secret diplomacy between the government and do not necessarily permanent ambassador was considered normal. The only means to reach a common agreement on the settlement of disputes was considered. Traditional diplomacy diplomatic process on the system of rules and regulations have been adopted for the conduct of diplomacy from the 15th century onwards, regular and regularity is not only constant, but the process became. Procedural rules called "diplomatic protocol" was developed, called the set of rights, privileges and exemptions for diplomats and diplomatic activities were held. These rights and privileges were derived from two principles: (a) the action is based on considerations that diplomats can do their mission without fear or hindrance. B: Representative Ambassador King is governed by the diplomatic personnel residing deploy state laws are just function. New diplomacy: 1 - It was urged that public diplomacy should be subject to monitoring and evaluation 2 - To create an international organization Mrbvr new diplomatic representative of the universal hope for a fresh start in the period after 1918. The structure of the new diplomacy: But there are two changes. 1 - states that they had no other major players in the international arena with other players to divide 2 - Self-administration of a wide range of activities in which its citizens were trying to adjust to life began to change. Process of the new diplomacy The interests of the growing number of state and non-state actors on the changing nature of diplomacy as a new process for the negotiation. Most importantly, the policy has become more complex activity involving more actors and it was very different.. Agenda: The agenda includes a number of new policy and the new emphasis on military security was intense. Cold War diplomacy: With all the tools to be a hot war of the Cold War to undermine the other party describing the system was coping. Absolute necessity of avoiding involvement in global nuclear confrontation between East and West was at the center of diplomatic activity. Most of the Cold War policy of nuclear diplomacy, crisis diplomacy and summit diplomacy was. by military forces would provide a model for the future. But the collapse of the established order in the Balkan diplomacy fails to resolve the problem and showed optimism for the end of the Cold War has a complex nature. At the beginning of 21st century diplomacy in international politics can be described in two ways 1 - Scope of international diplomacy. 2 - Characterization of contemporary diplomacy can be complex and discontinuous inextricably said. Formulation and implementation of foreign policy: Governments must understand the role of diplomacy in foreign policy, there are two stages in this process. 2 - policy: the State Department's decision to operate can be diplomacy is one of the means by which decisions are implemented. Foreign policy bureaucracies second fiddle plays an essentially non-political. Five main task of diplomacy, including: 1 - Data collection 2 - Political Advice 3 - Representation 4 - Negotiation 5 - Consular Services The first two are essential for the formulation of foreign policy. Diplomatic relations with other policy tools - Pure Diplomacy - Shuffle Diplomacy Instrument for political diplomacy. - 1 - threatened to deploy troops to the country's position in negotiations Tqvyn - 2 - Economic Measures - 3 - Regular use of new tools for subversion Chapter 16 of the United Nations and the international order Problems between and within countries: Countries are expected to comply with the minimum standards of acceptable quality in providing social and economic justice. One of the reasons for this disagreement regarding realistic view of what is happening inside the country had nothing to do with any of the countries. The international community was willing to resolve violations of the ethical cosmopolitanism were inseparable.between countries that violate human rights, civil rights, the lack of international order is to risk falling. Follow the traditional rules of behavior, there was an increasing challenge for diplomats. They are based on traditional principles should ignore the internal affairs of States to maintain global stability.If the relationship between heart hated the concept of conflict of national interests and pursue justice, there was a first priority. Public aid activities such as peacekeeping, humanitarian intervention as a step in a number of cases where national interests were defended. The moral judgment and linking the activities of national interest will strengthen. One of the key issues to consider increasing readiness within the UN there. The main factor was the international system of sovereign equality of States Parties to the United Nations and international law are equal. The intervention in the traditional sense is always in conflict with the principles of the United Nations. But during the government to interfere in the internal affairs of each other and sometimes they think they are entitled to do this. It is proposed that the United Nations Charter states consider not only salary but also considers the law has. Human Shdydhqvq violation in itself could be a justification for the intervention of the United Nations Kosovo case shows that this approach will be adopted in the future. Security Council resolution 1990 and the establishment of safe zones in Iraq and emphasized the aims of the protected areas of the Kurds against Saddam. The role of the UN in 2000: A: peace and security between states: They were not under UN command. host government deployed troops under UN Secretary-General and the Security Council permanent members were missing. 3 - cooperate with Governments in the development of the specialized agencies and other international organizations were collaborating with the governments of the 60s was the development of appropriate action by the "United Nations Development Program» undp cooperation with the host government, was later found by the UNDP coordination difficult. Such as public health and disease control, agricultural development. 5 - Human rights monitoring and benchmarking: a wide range of human rights conventions and guidelines on benchmarking, monitoring and observing them for low pressure was centered. (B) equity within countries: 1 - humanitarian aid 2 - Developing a new agenda for development 3 - be part of the next government 4 - Safeguarding of Peace 5 - Promotion of Human Rights 6 - Registration of Arms A: The problem of global governance in the 21st century: 1 - continuing problems of coordination and planning 2 - coping problems and the need for neutrality 3 - financial problems 4 - problems with executive authority and legitimacy 5 - Problem and analysis Chapter 17 Subject of international relations at the beginning of the relationship between Britain and countries like India. Institutional, economic, social and environmental student organizations and industrial companies ... As non-state actors, but this approach is of secondary importance in the world today, especially because of the globalization phenomenon has been challenged for some reason. 1 - There is no ambiguity in the meaning of the second match of the contemporary world - today the government due to the economic activities of transnational corporations and the threat of violent criminals and guerrillas are losing their rule in the third - non-government organizations the network of relationships in the world that The governments involved have lost their political independence. State-centric approach: This is possible only if the international relations, government relations can be defined to include the Governments approach - based or called realism. Some authors believe that the issue of "non-state actors should only be considered in cases of what is going on between the government and not the more» "Non-state actors" of the term implicit is that states are the dominant actors and other actors are secondary. But it is not clear ambiguity, intergovernmental organizations, international organizations are national or non-national organizations. The major advantage of government approach - axis is the relative complexity of world politics simply because it makes the same assumption explains the interactions of 200 units. Four approaches to the problem - axis: the meaning «stat» is different and that means the Government has set. The legal concepts of civil society and social policy of the state, while philosophers and sociologists have emphasized the concept of the state government, civil society and state are separated. Therefore, in cases where international law or order of the state government can not contain community actors in the transnational relationships between governments and communities must be examined. 2 - Lack of similarity between countries: the definition of giving equal status and equal rights for all states in the sense that they are all basically the same type. Conventional analysis applying the power of medium and small power to recognize the differences between countries.general recognition of the right to have a government that they are legally similar but are different from each other politically.It is also a great variety. . A cohesive unit that serves the public know. 4 - The difference between the state and the nation: the politics of countries with a significant amount of policy Social identity is a hierarchy of local identity and national identity to the wider grouping continues. The national societies and intergovernmental organizations can also contribute to the personal dependence. Financial flows and undermining the rule: the large transnational corporations, has had important consequences can no longer be said that every nation has its own separate economy. Dvmshkhsh control of the governance of exchange controls on foreign trade are greatly weakened. import and export directly in front of the nation, but to prevent indirect trade with other countries, there is no way guaranteed. UN definition of acceptable international nongovernmental organizations: Economic and Social Council of the United Nations Charter based on six principles are considered: 1 - NGOs should support the goals and activities of the United Nations 2 - NGOs should be identified centered at a selected entity and its officials against a Democratic Assembly and be responsible for policy 3 - The organization is non-profit does not 4 - not a violent person or nongovernmental organization that supports 5 - Non-governmental organizations to the principle of "non-interference in the internal affairs of countries cultural" respect 6 - International NGO organization that has been negotiated between the governments of the principle of non-being is a technical legal term. Never open borders is to be unimportant. So go beyond the borders of all kinds of international organizations and intergovernmental and transnational actors affect their constituents. In general, the constituent documents of international organizations Amlly are goals, rules of behavior, the Secretariat undertook to indicate the identity of the organization and interaction processes. The view that international organizations are systems indicate that they are politically and international politics can not be reduced to relations between countries. System and policy issues in international politics: The Realists, competence is not determinative influence. Usually the legal authority of the government, controlled by the economic and military capabilities of specialized information and communications accessible to support the goals and values ​​are. Political process can be communicated in a way that will attract attention and respect from other players is vital. If the power is dominant only in the military is seen by governments and multinational companies overcome by the power of economic resources will be seen. connecting the different areas. Changes in domestic politics and global civil society resource companies are often economic change and political action NGOs are often the source of new ideas for. Communications and Internet Revolution: Chapter 25 The explosive growth of the Internet in the 1990s entered the global arena. Communications has always had an important role in international relations, which has increased in importance today. This effect will last for a long time is overlooked. But today, due to the three front-line communication, globalization and international relations are: 1 - governments have developed policies and competitive telecommunication sector monopolized the communication infrastructure to abandon the traditional rules and regulations and needed only the created. New and vital component of globalization, faster and cheaper means of communication such as fax, phone, computer, internet and ... This means the people, companies and countries, and almost no time period is connected. Although food, housing, healthcare, and vital human needs is important, but the main factor for the development of an efficient communication network access and innovation, productivity and job creation has become. Instantaneous global communications to non-state actors gives the power and might of the political, military and economic might of the origin of these changes is discussed ICT  The global network of 90 computers in the world, greatly reduced the cost of international phone calls In the past, communications and telephone services in the state was allowed to enter areas such as communications or satellite television did not. It was the first international policies on 2 axis - the exclusive provider of communication services and the lack of competition in the phone 2 - systems and equipment international standards became the norm. Management of international telecommunications submarine cable since 1970, remained unchanged in the core of the management, "International Telecommunications Union," the task: 1 - Developing technical criteria 2 - ensure the efficiency and suitability of 3 - ensure there is no interference with the frequency and length available 4 - Provide technical assistance to poor countries 5 - assigning satellite orbits around the earth Reagan-Thatcher economic revolution of the 1980s provided the global communications revolution.section. The analysis atandt companies to small companies in the U.S., have revised their policies and regulations in different countries and created competition and innovation. With the development of voice communications and data exchange via telephone or wireless, to the borders of the country apart and fade gradually emerged as a global convergence. Digital divide between China increased only exception was in 2000 that the United States has the highest mobile phone. At the international level, the Uruguay Round negotiations in 1994 helped create the belief that the business will be open and competitive telecommunications and information services. Three basic steps for the development of international telecommunications regime was removed from 1-15 in 1998 to compete in the Europe Union countries are required to provide telephone service, 2 - after negotiations with the World Trade Organization about the service connection of other countries. Agreed to: 1 -2 communications market to release 2-2 barriers to competition in local telephone service in urban, intercity and reduce satellite 3-2 of verbal rules are designed to protect competition 4-2 to allow foreign companies to operate in the field of satellite services 3 - The U.S. Federal Communications Commission to unilaterally reduce the cost of international calls Europe is higher. All messages exchanged between Europe, Asia Pacific and the U.S., a third of the messages exchanged between the three regions. explains the evolution of the international success of the Internet. At present, the number of pages that will be added to the Internet every day, which is nine times the population of the world increases. In 1990, fifty percent (50%) of web sites belonging to the U.S. bases in Germany has increased tenfold. 38 percent of users in 2000 were Americans. 2 - The development of electronic commerce is that the Internet is a major customer. In 2000 the share of e-commerce in industrial countries, the U.S. GDP was 5% ahead in this field. 3 - The third transformation: the wireless transmission of data and voice communications will soon be able to wirelessly transmit data and voice communications via wireless to compete strongly. Since wireless voice communications and in some countries, especially poor countries are taken from regular communication. Impact of the information revolution on actors and the role of governments and policy-makers will change. 1 - governments have access to more information, the real risk is paralyzed due to the volume of information, governments and policy makers should distinguish between information that is important from what is not so they 2 - global networks means that the decision-making process can be centralized or decentralized. Governments with centralized decision-making processes that decrease the importance of foreign missions, embassies are. Embassies to gather information and send them to the capitals of their respective countries. 3 - global network state monopoly on the use of information, companies, journalists, non-governmental organizations in most of the states are more and more when to. acquisition of wealth through investments and partnerships that extend beyond national borders. Companies large and growing international relations, especially economic relations, international financial shape. Impact of the information revolution, and military diplomacy: Instantaneous communication via global networks has caused a revolution in military and diplomatic matters. These changes can be divided into three components: It is not yet clear, comprehensive information on the policies to be more appropriate.space for innovation can reduce confidence and self-revelation 2 - global network decides who and how they may change. 3 - a global network of communications and information technology are changing the way modern warfare is all modern armies are investing in information technology and telecommunications. The main cause of degradation and production. Tasyz information revolution on international economic relations and negotiations Global flows of capital may be invested in economic growth and the weakening of national policies and provide grounds for crime and corruption. Chapter 18 Environmental issues:  International was created can help to understand the environmental issues posed challenges to the theory of international relations. The sharp rise in sea fishing, severe erosion and soil degradation, the destruction of natural habitats and vegetation, accumulation of waste in the sea air and water, acid rain, destruction of the ozone layer, from the late 20th century, the effects of global environmental destruction. From the global environment: First, some environmental issues are global in nature (ozone destruction, acid rain, global warming, etc.) and can be addressed only through international cooperation. Second, some operational issues related to the global common resources. (Eg, ocean, sea floor space and outer space) Third, some of the environmental issues are essentially transnational. That is not the general global nature of the cross national boundaries, such as sulfur dioxide may be issued in one country is transmitted by the wind in downstream countries. deforestation, pollution of rivers and of the process) Fifth processes that lead to over-exploitation of resources and environmental degradation are fundamentally political, economic and social processes that link Environmental issues on the international agenda: 1948 as the "Ship Owners Club" was established to facilitate navigation and improve safety. The first international treaty relating to plant in Bern in 1889 to prevent the spread of the disease had spread in the vineyards of Europe were created. Grndgan Protection Convention in 1902, the 1911 Convention on the Protection of the jaws grocery Agriculture in 1945 to preserve natural resources, the Convention on the Law of the Sea to manage access to the sea and sea Bstz in 1960 and ... Were created. Stockholm Convention: the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment held, to establish an international framework to promote a coordinated approach to the problem of pollution and other environmental issues, its purpose was. The conference was a turning point and institutions created after it had lasting impact. Attention beyond the Stockholm Conference, the public and educate governments, lasting contribution to the environment has to offer: First, the principles of the framework agreement on environmental cooperation in the future. Second: This conference led to the creation of a global network and local environmental monitoring Third: This conference led to the creation of the United Nations Environment Programme Fourth, the conference was broader institutional and political changes. Mhty Environmental Challenges for International Relations: Certain environmental issues challenging the dominant approach to international relations. One of these challenges is the role of governments. But the current thinking about the nature and scope of international environmental governance, the government is faced with serious challenges. While environmental problems are rarely caused by the local government and be more deliberate measures of economic policy is an unintentional side effect of the process. In this process, a large number of companies and non-state actors such as corporations, local authorities, financial institutions and individuals ... The government is at least as important. Although governments in the formulation and implementation of environmental regulations can play a direct role. National organizations such as the Europe Union governments are playing an international role and is able to regulate activities within member states. Even in discussions and negotiations, agreements and international environmental NGOs have the main role. Chapter 19 Expand the core Spread of nuclear weapons is a sign of global politics.and the probability that the world in which different regions are different from each other. Trends in some regions of the world such as Latin America, South East Asia, Africa and Central Asia into a zone free of nuclear weapons, there are others, such as South Asia, East Asia, Middle East and North is toward the development of nuclear weapons by 1945 created a situation that became interdependent core strategic fact of life. nuclear weapons became the most important developments. The problem was that because the government may be seeking to acquire nuclear weapons? The foundations of the minds of policymakers and strategic analysts had engaged in nuclear development time is often in the form of "The Power" will be considered. Nth Power problem During the Cold War between East and West became the stabilizing conflict can also be effective in other situations. The theory underpinning the hypothesis that those who opposed the spread of nuclear weapons, the situation is getting worse, not better, has faced. Afdamat opponents to focus on best practices to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons ahead. Efforts to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons led to the emergence of unilateral action, bilateral, regional and universal it is. Collectively, these measures are often global non-proliferation regime, nuclear Slahhhay call. Proponents of this diet believe that these measures a total of 1960 Mhdvdkrdh is the proliferation of nuclear weapons. Critics argue that this regime is discriminatory because it allows five countries still have nuclear weapons. Nature of nuclear weapons and their effects: Effects of nuclear weapons is very high because of the United Nations Commission on Conventional Weapons in 1948 for distinguished from conventional weapons to nuclear weapons, the phrase "weapons of mass destruction" imposed. Energy is produced in three different weapons: 1 - Blast 2 - thermal or radiation heating 3 - nuclear radiation Massive losses of human populations could be the result of nuclear fusion explosion. The largest nuclear weapon ever tested heat is estimated to be a 58 mega-ton bomb (TNT 58 million), which was built by the Soviets at the height of the Cold War. He had caught a disease caused by radiation. The global spread of nuclear technology and ballistic missiles: groups. In all five countries, America, Britain, France, China, the Soviet Union Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty "nuclear weapon states" became the country before 1967 had tested its nuclear weapons in 1998, both in India and Pakistan joined the nuclear weapon states to do tests. The structural change was the development of a civilian nuclear commerce market in the past, America was the only supplier of nuclear materials and technology from France and Germany in the 1970s and later joined Japan to the supplier. But most of the supplier countries, there is concern that the proliferation of nuclear trade rules and not be easier. The increasing development of nuclear delivery methods: In the 1950s, nuclear weapons on bombers Big specifically to carry these weapons were designed so that the advances in technology to build missiles and munitions, nuclear was possible as many countries as a means of nuclear weapons that carry.At the end of the 990 nuclear issue highlight.  Trying to build an anti-missile Balsytk other important developments of the 1960s in the field of anti-ballistic missile negotiators believed would undermine deterrence and international stability. It was this view that each country will deploy these systems are protected against enemy strategic offensive forces.other hand, the defense systems, a major challenge Babur was supposed deterrent. Treaty of 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile deployment of these missiles (Russian America), the location of the capitals of the two countries and two intercontinental ballistic missile sites and covenants restrictingat different stages of the flight path. But it is also an international response, especially Russia and China will have them believed it would compromise the stability of the international. Theorizing about the spread of nuclear nonproliferation: Most literature written on the subject of political realism is still based on theoretical ideas. Based on the theory of chaotic states in an international environment, nuclear weapons are looking to strengthen their security. Other scientific theories in recent years lost its charm and questions about the spread of nuclear weapons, "according to the analysis of" what might have caused. Should the individual, cultural group, organization, government, or international organization Mjvmh of these stressed? Some analysts strengthening the nuclear non-proliferation talks about the importance of the role of cultural identity and cultural components are stressed. Some also argue that norms, and epistemic communities play an important role in the nuclear case. Some international norms as limiting nuclear behavior and develop appropriate behavioral measures of attention are the actors. The traditional analysis is motivated by the proliferation tends to focus on the inter-governmental and governmental levels. political, strategic and reputation that would follow a nuclear weapon states would have the focus. Later it became the role of deterrence. Proliferation of nuclear weapons is better or worse? One of the most controversial arguments in the context of the proliferation of nuclear weapons, the theory of "more is better" in the early 1980s by Kenneth Waltz argued. Waltz in favor of nuclear proliferation rather than extend his analysis and his theory puts on neorealist assumptions.nuclear weapon. The debate between Waltz and Sagan (sagan), Sagan argued Waltz "proliferation optimists" is He's the best way to encourage the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and the global non-proliferation regime knows.